HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMA VARIANTS – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

To study the histomorphological spectrum of uterine leiomyoma variants. This study is done over a period of three year (May 2019 to May 2022) in the Department of Pathology, LNMC, Bhopal. Total of 316 hysterectomy and 14 myomectomy specimens were studied. Specimens were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. H&E stained tissue sections were studied. In the study we performed retrospective analysis of hysterectomy and myomectomy specimen and 330 cases of leiomyoma were evaluated. Among 330 cases, 316(95.75%) were hysterectomy specimen for varying indication and 14(4.24%) were myomectomy specimen. Histologically the usual leiomyomas was comprising of 164(49.69%) cases followed by hyalinised leiomyoma 70(21.21%), myxoid leiomyoma 15(4.54%), hydropic change 12(3.63%), cellular 11(3.33%), lipoleiomyoma 10(3.03%), calcification 10(3.03%), infarct type necrosis 10(3.03%), mitotically active 8(2.42%), symplastic 7 (2.12%), schwanonian 6(1.81%), epithelioid 3(0.90%), dissecting leiomyoma 2 (0.60%) and stromal metaplasia (osseous and cartilaginous) 2(0.60%). Leiomyoma is the commonest benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus with a number of histological variants. In this study conventional leiomyoma being the commonest variant followed by hyalinized leiomyoma, myxoid leiomyoma, hydropic leiomyoma and lipoleiomyoma. It is important to categorise various types of leiomyoma on histology to avoid misdiagnosis.

ACCESSORY BREAST TISSUE WITH COEXISTENT ADNEXAL TUMOR IN MALE – RARE CASE

Accessory breast tissue occurs due to failure of resolution of embryonic mammary ridges present from axilla to groin bilaterally. It may be functional or non-functional. This condition is more commonly seen in the females and very few cases have been reported in males. Development of ectopic breast tissue is dependent on hormonal stimulation similar to normal breast.It remains asymptomatic usually and increases in size after a hormonal stimulation at the time or after puberty. Majority of the occurrences are completely benign, but this condition also has the potential to convert into a malignant lesion. Apocrine hidrocystoma is regarded as cystic retention and adenomatous proliferation of apocrine sweat glands. It commonly occurs on the head & neck, but can infrequently be present in other locations like axilla, vulva, penis. This is the report of case of apocrine hidrocystoma with accessory breast tissue in a 30 year old male presented with left axillary swelling. Cytomorphological assessment revealed benign epithelial lesion and a diagnosis was established only after a histopathological examination. It emphasises the role of histopathology in diagnosis of axillary breast lesions

HISTOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN THE LUNG-A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY DONE ON LOBECTOMY SPECIMENS

To study the histolopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic lesions of lung and to evaluate in relation to age, gender and clinico-radiological findings. This study is done over a period of 1 year (Nov 2020 to Nov 2021) in the Department of Pathology, LNMC, Bhopal. Total of 33 lobectomy specimens were studied. Specimens were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded H&E-stained tissue sections were studied. Special stains (Gomorri's methenamine silver stain and Periodic acid Schiff stain) were done where ever required. Non-neoplastic lesions from 3 (9.09%) women and 30 (90.90%) men, with a median age of 43.86 (Interquartile range: 23-60 years) were collected. Fibrotic interstitial changes comprised the most common category of histologic findings, noted in 20 (60.6%) patients. Most cases consisted of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (30.30%), followed by smoking related interstitial fibrosis/SRIF (desquamative interstitial pneumonia like patterns and respiratory bronchiolitis like pattern) (12.12%), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) (9.09%) and patterns of “undefined” fibrosis (6.06%) such as peribronchial fibrosis, organizing pneumonias and other patterns of fibrosis that did not fall into a recognized category of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Granulomatous pathology was identified in 4 (10.81%) patients. On chest X-ray/CT scan chest, majority of lung lesions presented as diffuse and patchy opacities with honeycombing and bronchiectasis. Cigarette smoking was associated with 4 lung lesions. Histopathologic classification plays an important role in separating variable forms of non-neoplastic lung lesions & further subcategorising idiopathic interstitial pneumonia into clinically meaningful categories have important differences in natural history, prognosis, and treatment

Introduction Of ‘Case Based Discussions In Teaching Biochemistry And Its Impact On Learning Of Students

Background:When topics of clinical importance are taught by didactic lecture, knowledge gained is hardly retained till the clinical teaching starts in the later years. So, we introduced ‘Case Based Discussions’ while teaching Biochemistry. Material And Methods:Students of II semester were divided in three groups-Group A and B was taught ‘Liver function tests’ by Didactic Lectures. Group B and C were further subdivided and taught through Case Based Discussions in which students collaborated in a small group environment to work through paper-based cases. Students’ understanding of the topic was assessed using a test paper and written feedback was collected from the students in first year to know their perception towards two methods of teaching and then in final year toknow if CBD sessions were helpful in clinics. Result:Mean total marks obtained by students of Group B were higher than those obtained by group A and C. Students perceived CBD sessions more stimulating educationally than traditional lectures and also found them helpful in clinics. Conclusion:Traditional teaching along with CBD resulted in significantly better test scores of students and promoted a deeper understanding of the basic concepts of Biochemistry to relate and link to patient cases in clinics.

C-cell hyperplasia in sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

Context: C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) is characterized by increased mass of C-cells and has been identified as a precursor condition for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Varying proportion of MTCs is associated with CCH in different studies. This could be due to the lack of uniformity of the definitions and techniques used to identify CCH in these studies. Aims: This study aims to study the occurrence, clinicopathological, and immunohistochemical features of CCH in MTC diagnosed during a 22-year period at a tertiary care center in North India and to review the available literature on CCH. Materials and Methods: Eighty-seven consecutive cases of MTC were included in the study. Histological evaluation for the presence of CCH and neoplastic CCH was performed. Confirmation of CCH was done by immunohistochemistry for calcitonin and chromogranin. The presence of neoplastic CCH was correlated with clinical factors and prognostic factors. Results: Of 87 cases of MTC included in the study, 71 (82%) patients were sporadic and 16 (18%) had familial MTC. Neoplastic CCH was seen in 12 (75%) familial and in 9 (13%) sporadic MTC. Patients with familial MTC were more frequently associated with neoplastic CCH than sporadic MTC (P < 0.001), were younger (P < 0.001), and had more often bilateral and multifocal tumors (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in mean survival time and progression-free survival in patients with and without CCH. Conclusion: CCH, though more common in familial MTC, can also be seen in sporadic tumors. CCH is not associated with patient survival and disease progression.

Extranodal histiocytic sarcoma in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Cytomorphological features of a rare entity with brief review of literature

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare malignant neoplasm showing morphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of histiocytic differentiation. We describe a rare case of synchronous HS in a patient of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A 16-year-old boy diagnosed as ALL also presented with a swelling over the right Achilles tendon. The cytological features of the swelling suggested a histiocytic lesion. Histological and immunohistochemical examination clinched the diagnosis of HS. The available 5-year follow-up showed no recurrence. It was a diagnostic dilemma on fine-needle aspiration. We discuss the cytological features of HS which can help in reaching a diagnosis and emphasize that it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for unexplained swellings in patients of hematological malignancies. Wide local excision of localized HS is associated with a long-term favorable outcome.

Evaluation of biologic potential and risk stratification for predicting disease‑free survival after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A multivariate clinicopathological study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, which express CD117, a c‑kit proto‑oncogene protein and show gain of function mutation of c‑kit gene. Apart from the presence of metastasis, the criteria to differentiate benign and malignant GISTs are not well‑defined. Although a variety of prognostic factors have been investigated, no method has yet proven sufficient to enable reliable determination of malignancy in all cases. This study was planned to risk stratify the GIST cases with respect to the various clinicopathological features and to identify prognostic factors in GIST. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On histological and immunohistochemical analysis, 121 cases of GIST were identified. MIB‑1 (Ki‑67) labeling index (LI) was performed in 60 cases. Follow‑up data was available for 93 patients. A P < 0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: Larger tumor size, high mitotic activity and Ki‑67 LI of >10% were identified as significant predictors of disease‑free survival in univariate analysis (P < 0.0001). Other factors of statistically significant value were a high cellularity (P < 0.0027), nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.0002), epithelioid cell type (P = 0.0098), presence of tumor necrosis (P < 0.01), presence of skeinoid fibers (P = 0.042), S‑100 negativity (P = 0.025). Extra‑gastrointestinal GIST and metastasis were more frequently associated with progressive disease (PD) as compared with GIST (P < 0.0004), (P < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis size (P = 0.0025), Ki‑67 labeling index (P = 0.0186) and mitotic count (P = 0.0375) emerged as independent prognostic predictors of PD. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that GIST in Asian population may have a different phenotype with some predilection to nodal metastasis. Of all the features studied, tumor size and mitotic index are the best prognosticators in GIST with the addition of Ki‑67 LI, wherever available.

Impact of Education on Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bareilly District Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: Every year more than half a million women die and many millions more suffer disabilities from pregnancy and pregnancy related causes in developing countries. India accounts 20 percent of global maternal deaths, in spite of advancement of public health and medical technology. Many of the maternal deaths could be prevented with well-known intervention such as antenatal care and skilled attendant at birth. Objective: To determine the effect of education on antenatal care among pregnant women. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who came to ante natal clinic of obstetrics department of Rohilkhand medical college, Bareilly during January-March 2014 by using pre-designed, pretested schedule. A total of 300 pregnant women were clinically examined. Written consent was taken. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS Version 17. Result: In present study 69% women were literate and 88% their husbands were literate. The overall 83.7% antenatal care was found in which 66.3% were regular. 90.8% antenatal care found among literate women while 67.7% among illiterate. Regular antenatal care was more (76.3%) among literate women. Conclusion: Low level of awareness and poor interest about antenatal care was found among illiterate women. They were not conscious about regular antenatal care, tetanus toxoid immunization, iron folic acid supplementation and extra diet during pregnancy.

Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis – could early diagnosis have saved the patient.

Cladophialophora bantiana brain abscess is a rare and frequently fatal infection, often seen in immunocompetent individuals. 34 year old immunocompetent woman who presented with convulsions is reported. She was initially treated with antituberculous drug. During 15 days of treatment, she deteriorated. Hence she underwent craniotomy, which revealed brain abscesses due to C. bantiana. Subsequently she was treated with fluconazole , but eventually succumbed to the infection on the 7th day of treatment. Mortality remains high with this rare mycosis, even in immunocompetent patients. The case illustrates the clinical and radiological similarities between tuberculoma and other etiologies of brain abscesses. This emphasizes the need to perform histological and microbiological studies prior to the initiation of any form of therapy.

HIV and Infant Feeding.

Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for healthy growth and development of infants. Breast milk promotes sensory and cognitive development, and protects the infant against infections and chronic diseases. With the onset of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic and the recognition that HIV-infected mother can transmit HIV to their infants through breastfeeding, specific recommendations apply to infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Estimated risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the absence of intervention during breastfeeding vanes from 5% to 20%. It is a public health responsibility to prevent HIV infection in infants and young children-especially in countries with high rates of HIV infection among pregnant women, and to support optional breastfeeding to prevent mortality and illness due to diarrhea and respiratory infections. Given the need to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to infants while minimizing the risk of other causes of morbidity and mortality, United Nation Agencies guidance states that when replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, avoidance of all breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is recommended. Otherwise, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during first month of life.

Prevalence and determinants of anemia in pregnancy at private hospital of Bareilly District.

Back ground: Anemia in pregnancy continues to be the major public health problem in the world & is the commonest medical disorder in pregnancy that has a varied prevalence, etiology and degree of severity in different populations. Objective: To find out the prevalence of anemia amongst pregnant women and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia in pregnancy. Methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out in obstetric and gynae OPD of one of the private hospital of Bareilly district during the month of Jan.2010 to May2010. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: prevalence of anemia was 43.38% Anemia was found to be more prevalent in women age more than 30 years (80.39%), illiterate (49.53%), working (83.82%) & those belonging to Muslim community. Multiparous women (45%), women with poor personal hygiene (48%) and non-vegetarian diet were slightly more anemic as compare to their contrary one. Conclusion: Despite the measures taken to control anemia in pregnancy in the last two decades, the severity of nutritional anemia continues to remain a public health issue of great magnitude, suggesting that these measures have been largely ineffective.

Impact of tobacco smoke on tuberculosis: A case control study.

Background:, Smoking increase the risk of tuberculosis 2-4 times , In our country half of tubercular death in men is attributed to smoking, around 17% smokers and 1/3 tubercular patients of the world reside here . Objective: To study the impact of smoking on sputum status and clinico radiological profile of tubercular patients. Method: We did a case control study , comprises in two groups , study and control group , a total of 120 Tubercular (Pulmonary & Extra-pulmonary) patients were studied in which 65 were smoker( study group) , 55 non smoker ( control group),. Detailed clinico-radiological study was done during the period of 9 months. Result: The prevalence of tuberculosis ( Pulmonary & extra pulmonary ) among smokers is 23.63%, out of them prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis 80% ( odd ratio OR 4.8) , cough ( 98.4%), and Dyspnoea( 93.8%) was prominent clinical symptoms in study group, as well as cavitations ( 98.07%), & fibrosis ( 98.07%) radio logically significant presentation in smokers besides this relapse as well as re infection was higher among smoker’s (64.61%).Sputum positivity was high for heavy smokers (86.7%) . Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis low (20%) in study group (0.21). Conclusion: Smoking is a significant risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis as well as it aggravates the severity and relapse of diseases.

Caesarean myomectomy: Prospective study.

Introduction: Contrary to previous belief many studies published now have shown that myomectomy during cesarean section (CS) is a safe procedure with no significant increased risk of intra and postoperative complications. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in antennal mothers from May09 to Sep 10 in a tertiary care hospital of Uttar Pradesh after taking institutional ethical committee approval. Diagnosis of myoma was confirmed by ultrsonography. Only those mothers were included in the study who gave the informed consent to participate in study. Cesarean myomectomy was planned in all mothers having myoma. Operative time, intraoperative haemorrhage and length of hospital stay of mothers having myoma were compared to matched pregnant women with CS alone (28cases). Data were collected on a questionnaire and analyzed by appropriate test of significance. Results: Out of 966 antenatal mothers registered during the study period myoma was detected in 14(1.18%) cases. Mean age mothers of having myoma were 27.08 years and 61.54% were primigravida and only 23.08 % were third gravida. In 61.54% mother’s parity was zero and only 15.39 % mothers were having parity two. Mean haemoglobin was 10.56 gm%. In all cases presentation of foetus was vertex. In 92.3% mothers location of myoma was at anterior wall and subserous and in 7.7% cases it was fundal . Size of myoma was less than 3.0 Cm in 38.50 cases , 3.1 Cm to 5.0 Cm in 23.1% cases and more than 5.1 Cm in 38.4% cases. There was no significant difference in operative time, intraoperative haemorrhage and length of hospital stay in comparison to matched pregnant women with CS alone. Postnatal period was uneventful and complication like PPH was nil in all in cesarean myomectomy cases. Conclusion: caesarean myomectomy can be safely performed in majority of patients with myomas without any serious or life threatening complication.

Awareness, perception and myths towards swine flu in school children of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.

The deadly disease swine flu is, without a speck of doubt, causing a massive havoc among the common people of India and has created fear across the various strata of the society. The objective was to find out the awareness, perception, and myths of school going children of class 9 th to 12 th toward swine flu. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in two randomly selected (using random number table) senior secondary schools of Bareilly among 400 students of class 9 th to 12 th . A total of 200 students were selected from each school. Chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Almost all the students (97.75%) have heard about of swine flu and are aware of it as a disease entity. Fever was found to be the main symptom while coughing and sneezing were main way of spread of swine flu known to them. About 97% of the students mention use of mask as most effective way to prevent them from swine flu. Knowledge of availability of medicine was present in less than half of the students. TV was found to be the main source from which they get knowledge (79%), and they are trying to get knowledge (53.2%) of swine flu. Among them, 74% students were taking precaution against swine flu.

Efficacy of imidacloprid and fipronil gels over synthetic pyrethroid and propoxur aerosols in control of German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae).

Background & objectives: Resistance amongst cockroaches has been reported to most of the spray insecticides apart from the problem of food contamination and inconvenience. Gel baits which can be selectively applied have been found effective in control of cockroaches in laboratory studies but very few field studies are available. This trial was planned to evaluate the efficacy of fipronil (0.01%) and imidacloprid (2.15%) gels over synthetic pyrethroid (0.02% deltamethrin + 0.13% allethrin) and propoxur (2%) aerosols in control of cockroaches in the field. Methods: Survey was done to find out pre-treatment density in catering establishments and houses by visual count and sticky trap methods. A total of 10 catering establishments and 10 houses having high cockroach infestation were selected by sampling (two catering establishments and houses for each insecticidal treatment and two for control). Propoxur and synthetic pyrethroid aerosols were used for spraying the infested sites once only. Single application of fipronil and imidacloprid gels was used as crack and crevice treatment. Visual count method gave better indications of cockroach infestation as compared to sticky trap method, hence, the same was followed for post-treatment evaluation every week up to 12 weeks. Results: Synthetic pyrethroid could not bring about the desired reduction in cockroach infestation in the present study. Single application of fipronil gel was able to reduce cockroach infestation up to 96.8% at the end of 12 weeks whereas imidacloprid application resulted in 90.9% reduction and propoxur resulted in 77.5%. However, propoxur was more effective in reducing the cockroach density by first week in comparison to imidacloprid and fipronil gels but its efficacy started declining after 8th week. Difference was found statistically significant by Kruskal-Wallis H-test. Conclusion: The study reports the efficacy of propoxur aerosol, imidacloprid gel and fipronil gel baits for control of cockroaches.

Hyponatremia and hypernatremia: disorders of water balance.

Total body water and tonicity is tightly regulated by renal action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, norepinephrine and by the thirst mechanism. Abnormalities in water balance are manifested as sodium disturbances--hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Hyponatremia ([Na+ < 136 meq/ l]) is a common abnormality in hospitalized patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A common cause of hyponatremia is impaired renal water excretion either due to low extracellular fluid volume or inappropriate secretion of ADH. Clinical assessment of total body water and urine studies help in determining cause and guiding treatment of hyponatremia. Acute and severe hyponatremia cause neurological symptoms necessitating rapid correction with hypertonic saline. Careful administration and monitoring of serum [Na+] is required to avoid overcorrection and complication of osmotic demyelination. Vasopressin receptor antagonists are being evaluated in management of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Hypematremia ([Na+] > 145 meq/l) is caused by primary water deficit (with or without Na+ loss) and commonly occurs from inadequate access to water or impaired thirst mechanism. Assessment of the clinical circumstances and urine studies help determine the etiology, while management of hypernatremia involves fluid resuscitation and avoiding neurological complications from hypernatremia or its correction. Frequent monitoring of [Na+] is of paramount importance in the treatment of sodium disorders that overcomes the limitations of prediction equations.

Comparison of radiorespirometric Budemeyer assay with ATP assay and mouse foot pad test in detecting viable Mycobacterium leprae from clinical samples.

PURPOSE: This study compares the results of radiorespirometric Buddemeyer assay with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay and mouse foot pad (MFP) test to validate the sensitivity of Buddemeyer assay in detecting viable M. leprae in clinical samples. METHODS: Viability was assessed using all the three methods in 60 skin biopsy specimens, including 20 untreated lepromatous leprosy (BL-LL), 13 treated BL-LL, 12 untreated borderline tuberculoid to mid borderline (BT-BB) and 15 treated BT-BB cases. RESULTS: Of the 20 untreated BL-LL cases tested, positivity indicating the presence of viable M. leprae was detected in 85, 60 and 85% with Buddemeyer, ATP and MFP test, respectively. Among the 13 treated BL-LL cases, scores were 61, 54 and 0%; among the 12 untreated BT-BB cases, the scores were 58, 16 and 16% and among the 15 treated BT-BB cases, the scores were 46, 20, 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The detection sensitivity (positive scores) with three tests were closely comparable in the two untreated groups of cases. On the other hand, in the two treated groups, a good proportion of cases scored positive in the in vitro tests but none in the MFP test. Among the two in vitro methods, the Buddemeyer assay emerged as a better test, in terms of sensitivity and specificity.

Field performance of imidacloprid gel bait against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance amongst cockroaches has been reported to most of the spray insecticides. Imidacloprid gel baits, which can be selectively applied at the infested and potential harborages sites have been found effective in control of cockroach infestation in some laboratory studies but very few field studies are available. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid gel bait in the control of German cockroaches (Blatella germanica) in field. METHODS: A survey was done to find out pre-treatment density in 12 cookhouses by visual count and sticky trap method. A total of four cookhouses having high cockroach infestation were selected by simple random sampling method (two for imidacloprid treatment and two for control). Imidacloprid gel (2.15%) was used as crack and crevices treatment at the infested sites and potential harborages once only during the entire study duration. Post-treatment density was assessed by visual count method every week for nine weeks. RESULTS: Visual count method gave better indications of cockroach infestation as compared to sticky trap method, hence the same was followed for post-treatment evaluation. Reduction of 75.0 - 86.5 per cent was achieved with imidacloprid gel treatment by week 1 post-treatment in comparison to control areas. The reduction in treated areas by 8 wk post-treatment was 96.3-98.8 per cent in comparison to control areas. Residual effect of imidacloprid started declining at 9 wk (91.7 - 96.5% reduction in comparison to control areas). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: The results of our study report the efficacy of imidacloprid gel bait (2.15%) up to 8 wk against German cockroaches. The gel was safe and environment friendly also.

Coronary risk factors in a rural community.

A cross-sectional health examination survey was carried out among a random sample of 406 people of 30 years and above from a rural community to investigate the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors. Prevalence of smoking and tobacco use was 16%, alcohol intake 9.4 %, daily Salt intake (> or = 5 gram) 34.2%, daily saturated fat intake ( > or =10 % of daily energy intake) 47.0 % and physical inactivity 18.5 %. BMI was > or =25 Kg /m(2) in 18 percent and it was > or =30 Kg / m(2) in 3.2 percent population. Truncal obesity (WHR: men> 0.9; women > 0.8) was found 18.5 percent more in case of males (20.7). Abdominal obesity(men > or =102; women > or = 88)was found 15.7 percent more in case of males (20.6).18.5 percent population was found suffering from systolic hypertension> or =140 mm Hg )and 15 percent from diastolic hypertension(> or =90 mm Hg). Awareness of CHD risk factors was present in 30.0 percent population. Differences in prevalence of riskfactor in male and female were found statistically significant in case of smoking, alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity. The present study shows that prevalence of CHD risk factors increases significantly in men and women having BMI equal or more than 25 Kg /m(2) so this cutoff, should be used to determine obesity in Indian population.